APA: Miscellaneous

Unpublished Manuscript:

Reference List:

Smith, J. D. (2010). Report on the effects of road rage in Alabama. Unpublished manuscript. 

In-text Citation:

(Smith, 2010)

Unpublished Manuscript from a University:

Reference List:

Doe, J. (2010). Diabetes in infants. Unpublished manuscript, University of Alabama at Birmingham.

In-text Citation:

(Doe, 2010)

Unpublished Paper Presented at a Meeting/Conference:

Reference List:

Smith, J. D., & Doe, J. (2010, April 15). Health care reform in Brazil. Paper presented at the International Health Reform Conference, Birmingham, Alabama.

In-text Citation:

(Smith & Doe, 2010)

Class/Course Lecture:

Class lectures are cited as personal communications and are only included as in-text citations.  Personal communications are not included in the reference list.

Sometimes you'll have multiple citations by the same author published in the same year.  When this happens alphabetize them in your reference list according to the first letter of the title. In order to differentiate among your in text citations you'll need to add a lowercase letter after the year of publication. For example:

Bauchner, H. (2011a). The cover: Coronary artery occlusion. Journal of the American Medical Association, 306, 2064.

Bauchner, H. (2011b). My vision for JAMA. Journal of the American Medical Association, 306, 98-99.

Your in text citations would then be (Bauchner, 2011a) and (Bauchner, 2011b) depending on which article in the reference list it refers to.

It's important to remember that APA is primarily a guide to publishing scholarly journal articles.  For this reason, it has nothing to say about how you should format your PowerPoint, structure an interview, or design a poster.  The APA manual does not tell you how to format the following:

• Annotated bibliographies
• PowerPoint slides
• Tables of contents
• Structure interviews
• Resumes 

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