BY 429/491/629: Evolutionary Biology References

References appear in an alphabetical list at the end of the paper and provide the information necessary for the reader to identify and retrieve each work cited in the text.  For more information, consult the references guidelines.

There are four elements in references:

• Author – Who is responsible for the work?
• Date – When was the work published?
• Title – What is the work called?
• Source – Where can the work be retrieved?

For more information, consult the elements of reference list entries guidelines.

One Author

• list the author by last name followed by a comma then the initial(s)

Derby, C. D.

Two Authors

• list both authors in the order given on the source, use a comma to separate the authors, and include an ampersand between the authors

Aggio, J. F., & Kamio, M.

Three to Twenty Authors

• list all authors in the order given on the source, use a comma to separate the authors, and include an ampersand before the last author

Jonhson, P. M., Nusnbaum, M., & Sheybani, A.

More Than Twenty Authors

• list the first 19 authors and include three ellipsis points (for omitted names) before the last author (should be no more than 20 names)

Nusnbaum, M., Aggio, J. F., Derby, C. D., Kicklighter, C. E., Shabani, S., Johnson, P. M., Carefoot, T. H., Pennings, S. C., Danko, J. P., Kamio, M., Nguyen, L., Grimes, T. V., Hutchins, M. H., van Dam, R., Schmidt, M., Paul, V. J., Sheybani, A., Caprio, J., Yaldiz, S., . . . Steinberg, P. D.

Group Author

• list the full name of the group author

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Name Variants

• use the examples below for author name variants

Journal Article Template

Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number(issue number), pages. https://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy

Friedman, N. D., Temkin, E., & Carmeli, Y. (2016). Negative impact of antibiotic resistance. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 22(5), 416-422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2015.12.002

Richardson, L. A. (2017). Understanding and overcoming antibiotic resistance. PLoS Biology, 15(8), Article e2003775. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2003775

Online Magazine Template

Author, A. A. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Magazine. URL

Kimmer, K. (2019, May 23). How bacteria become drug-resistant while exposed to antibiotics. The Scientist. https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/how-bacteria-become-drug-resistant-while-exposed-to-antibiotics-65929

National Institutes of Health. (2018, January 25). End of antibiotics? NIH MedlinePlus Magazine. https://magazine.medlineplus.gov/article/the-end-of-antibiotics

Consult the resources below for more information about reference entries.

• Reference Guide for Journal Articles, Books, and Edited Book Chapters

• Common Reference Examples Guide

• Reference Examples

• DOIs and URLs

Reference list contains all of the works cited in the text.

Order the entries in the reference list as follows:

• arrange entries alphabetically by author (or title if no author) with nothing before something
• arrange entries with same author(s) by year of publication with earliest first
• arrange entries with same author(s) in the same year alphabetically by title and add suffix to year

Applegate, J. T.
Applegate, J. T., & Swanson, E. K.
Chapple, D. G. (2018).
Chapple, D. G. (2020a). Distribution of
Chapple, D. G. (2020b). Effects of
Thorton, R. W.

Format the reference list as follows:

• start the reference list on a new page at the end of the paper
• label as References (centered in bold) at the top of the page
• double space reference list and apply hanging indent

For more information, consult the creating a reference list guide.